Anti-inflammatory effect of honokiol is mediated by PI3K/Akt pathway suppression
Abstract
Aim: In this study, we investigated the regulatory effects of honokiol on various inflammatory events mediated by monocytes/macrophages (U937/RAW264.7 cells) and lymphocytes (splenic lymphocytes and CTLL-2 cells) and their putative action mechanism.
Methods: In order to investigate the regulatory effects, various cell lines and primary cells (U937, RAW264.7, CTLL-2 cells, and splenic lymphocytes) were employed and various inflammatory events, such as the production of inflammatory mediators, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and the early signaling cascade, were chosen.
Results: Honokiol strongly inhibited various inflammatory responses, such as: (i) the upregulation of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 and TNF-a production and costimulatory molecule CD80 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (ii) the functional activation of b1-integrin (CD29) assessed by U937 cell–cell and cell–fibronectin adhesions; (iii) the enhancement of lymphocytes and CD8+CTLL-2 cell proliferation stimulated by LPS, phytohemaglutinin A (PHA), and concanavalin A or interleukin (IL)-2; and (iv) the transcriptional upregulation of inducible NO synthase, TNF-a, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-12, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. These anti-inflammatory effects of honokiol seem to be mediated by interrupting the early activated intracellular signaling molecule phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, but not Src, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38, according to pharmacological, biochemical, and functional analyses.
Conclusion: These results suggest that honokiol may act as a potent anti-inflammatory agent with multipotential activities due to an inhibitory effect on the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Keywords:
Methods: In order to investigate the regulatory effects, various cell lines and primary cells (U937, RAW264.7, CTLL-2 cells, and splenic lymphocytes) were employed and various inflammatory events, such as the production of inflammatory mediators, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and the early signaling cascade, were chosen.
Results: Honokiol strongly inhibited various inflammatory responses, such as: (i) the upregulation of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 and TNF-a production and costimulatory molecule CD80 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (ii) the functional activation of b1-integrin (CD29) assessed by U937 cell–cell and cell–fibronectin adhesions; (iii) the enhancement of lymphocytes and CD8+CTLL-2 cell proliferation stimulated by LPS, phytohemaglutinin A (PHA), and concanavalin A or interleukin (IL)-2; and (iv) the transcriptional upregulation of inducible NO synthase, TNF-a, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-12, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. These anti-inflammatory effects of honokiol seem to be mediated by interrupting the early activated intracellular signaling molecule phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, but not Src, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38, according to pharmacological, biochemical, and functional analyses.
Conclusion: These results suggest that honokiol may act as a potent anti-inflammatory agent with multipotential activities due to an inhibitory effect on the PI3K/Akt pathway.